PhysicalJewel

2007-11-22T03:53:00.001-08:00

Gum sculpting is a procedure that is generally done for cosmetic purposes to eliminate a Gummy Smile and to even out the gum line prior to cosmetic dentistry. Gum sculpting may give your smile a natural, youthful appearance, exposing more of your natural teeth.

As a natural gum structure or as ageing occurs, gums may shrink, giving the appearance of lengthening teeth. Gum recession is also caused by stress on the gums caused by a bad bite. Too much gum or uneven gum levels can detract from an otherwise great looking smile. This can be painlessly corrected by simple gum sculpting. The dentist can use a laser to remove the excess tissue of your gummy smile.

This procedure involves contouring of the gum around your teeth with the aid of latest laser techniques. The result is an enhanced and positively more noticeable smile.

natural smile is something that all can enjoy

2007-11-14T03:28:00.000-08:00

While any general dentist can legally announce that he or she is a cosmetic dentist, and many dentists do cosmetic bonding, it is recommend that any patient who wants cosmetic bonding only, go to a dentist with extensive post-graduate training in cosmetic dentistry.

A cosmetic bonding is usually a one-visit procedure. The tooth is prepared by lightly roughening the area to be repaired, which usually doesn't require anesthetic. Then the surface of the tooth is etched with a gel, and a treatment of bonding primers and resins is applied to the tooth. Finally the composite is applied.

At The Welbeck Clinic the cosmetic dentists provide the best cosmetic bonding services for its clients so that a healthy, good-looking, natural smile is something that all can enjoy.

Warm winters!

2007-10-22T02:08:00.000-07:00

Eating outside is one of life's simple pleasures, but it's no fun if you're cold. So take the chill off the night and stay out late. Safe, secure, stylish and practical that'll be Nationwide outdoor heaters.

Suitable for nearly all of our folding-arm awnings, the infrared short-wave our outdoor heaters promise immediate radiant heating, with homogeneous distribution of heat. Easy, variable installation to the wall or with brackets specific to each awning type. The heater direction can be adjusted via the fixture bracket. Operation with a single standard power supply, our outdoor heating is energy efficient using aluminium with 92% reflectivity for the reflector and the double parabolic design.

Available in a range of finishes, colours and styles - our outdoor heaters ensure that you can enjoy your garden in total comfort.

Single Parent Holidays

2007-10-12T03:24:00.000-07:00

As a single parent, it can be difficult trying to find the time and money to take a holiday. The TV adverts don't help either, getting the kids excited enough to constantly hassle you about going away. And then if you do manage to get away, it's hardly a holiday for you, is it? You still have the hassle of the kids, and the knowledge that EVERYTHING on holiday is more expensive than at home.

This needn't be the case anymore! Single Parent Fun have teamed up with Small Families to provide single parent holidays that cater fully to the single parent family. Even better than that is that they are designed with the idea of keeping costs down, so even a family dependent on a single parent wage can enjoy a single parent holidays!

Industrial Units London

2007-09-10T03:18:00.000-07:00

Retail space is becoming an increasingly expensive commodity in London, so it is great to find a business with retail space available in London and competitive rates. I'd be reluctant to shop anywhere for my retail space London needs other than Pearl & Coutts

Office Space

2007-05-08T03:48:00.000-07:00

With Office Space on the rise again and in many parts in central London now commanding over £2000 per square foot, more and more companies are looking to rent commercial properties in London. This is in turn driving up the demand for prime properties in central London. Pearl Coutts own a substantial amount of properties all over the UK and often have good rental availability. So if you are looking for London Office space then do visit their website www.pearl-couts.co.uk

Meeting rooms finder service

2007-03-20T10:21:00.000-07:00

Are you looking for meeting rooms in London that offers you a competitive price and flexibility?
Do you need a convenient, cost effective and accommodating venue for your work with clients?
why not take advantage of our meeting rooms service in a professional business environment.
Cost effective, flexibility and scalability, advanced system furniture, leading technology,
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We can offer you customized meeting rooms london ready on day one and a minimum set up cost.
We combines contemporary workspace with the latest technology : wi-fi connections, satellite tv, audio system.
For more information please visit our website on meeting-planet.net.

2007-03-12T01:35:00.000-07:00

Peter Hemple of Property Investor News argues that commercial investment has grown in popularity but is suffering due to the effect of interest rates. To this end he highlights rising property prices as a key factor.

"Because prices of commercial property have gone up so much, the annual yields are anything from four to five per cent, generally," he said.

With this in mind, leasing Commercial Office Space may be the sensible way forward.

Wood Working Machinery

2006-10-18T23:15:00.000-07:00

Morgan Rogers WoodWorking Machinery supply quality affordable used Woodworking Machinery and New Woodworking Machineryall over the world. With over 40 years experience in the Wood Working Machines industry no order is to small

Hendricks, Thomas A(ndrews)

2005-04-05T21:38:00.000-07:00

From 1863 until his death Hendricks was prominent in national Democratic politics. He was the vice-presidential running mate of Samuel J. Tilden in the disputed election of 1876, losing by the decision of a special Electoral Commission. In 1880 he expressed interest in becoming a presidential nominee but was unsuccessful. Nominated as vice president again in 1884, he was finally elected with Cleveland but died less than nine months after his inauguration.

Locatelli, Pietro

2005-04-02T17:14:00.000-08:00

In full Pietro Antonio Locatelli Italian violinist and composer, one of the first great violinists who practiced virtuosity for virtuosity's sake, thereby extending the technical vocabulary of the violin. He is perhaps best known for his L'Arte del violino, a group of 12 violin concerti issued with 24 capriccios ad libitum for

Jewfish

2005-03-31T07:22:00.000-08:00

Any of several large fishes of the sea bass (q.v.) family (Serranidae), especially Epinephelus itajara, found on the Atlantic coast of tropical America. This species sometimes attains a length of 2.5 metres (8 feet) and a weight of about 320 kilograms (700 pounds). The adult is dull olive-brown with faint spots and bands. Adult jewfish are usually solitary and typically remain in the same

West Bengal Duars

2005-03-30T02:09:00.000-08:00

The West Bengal Duars were ceded to the British by Bhutan in 1863. They constitute a lowland forest belt along the junction between the Himalayan

Reform Bill

2005-03-28T01:08:00.000-08:00

Any of the British parliamentary bills that became acts in 1832, 1867, and 1884–85 and that expanded the electorate for the House of Commons and rationalized the representation of that body. The first Reform Bill primarily served to transfer voting privileges from the small boroughs controlled by the nobility and gentry to the heavily populated industrial towns. The two subsequent

Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad

2005-03-26T16:27:00.000-08:00

Abdullah was educated at the Prince of Wales College (Jammu) and the Islamia College (Lahore) and received an M.S. degree in physics from Aligarh

Mercer, David

2005-03-24T22:40:00.000-08:00

Mercer left school at the age of 14 and became a medical laboratory technician. He eventually joined the Royal Navy and, after his discharge in 1948, studied painting at King's College, Newcastle

Coral Sea

2005-03-22T07:54:00.000-08:00

Sea of the southwestern Pacific Ocean, extending east of Australia and New Guinea, west of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides, and south of the Solomon Islands. It is about 1,400 miles (2,250 km) north-south and 1,500 miles east-west and covers an area of 1,849,800 square miles (4,791,000 square km). To the south it merges with the Tasman Sea, to the north with the Solomon Sea, and to the east with the Pacific; it is connected

Moses, Assumption Of

2005-03-19T16:44:00.000-08:00

A pseudepigraphal work (not in any biblical canon), a prophecy of the future relating to Israel, put into the mouth of Moses and addressed to Joshua just before the great lawgiver died. Using Moses' predictions and instructions to Joshua as a framework, the book's unknown author sets forth a brief history of Israel from Moses to the messianic age as viewed in apocalyptic

Essex

2005-03-18T16:11:00.000-08:00

One of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England; i.e., that of the East Saxons. An area of early settlement, it probably originally included the territory of the modern county of Middlesex; London was its chief town. Essex sometimes had joint kings, and from 664 they were subject to the rulers of the midland kingdom of Mercia. From 825 Essex was controlled by Wessex, first as a subkingdom

Palembang

2005-03-18T15:16:00.000-08:00

Kotamadya (municipality) and capital, Sumatera Selatan provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. It lies on both banks of the Musi River, there spanned by the Ampera Bridge. Sumatra's second largest city (after Medan), it was long the chief town of the Palembang sultanate. The city served as the capital of the Buddhist Srivijaya empire from the 7th century until the kingdom was overthrown

Hawes, Harriet Ann Boyd

2005-03-16T13:55:00.000-08:00

Harriet Boyd graduated from Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1892; thereafter she taught ancient and modern languages for four years, first as a private tutor in Henderson, North Carolina, and then at a girls' school in Wilmington,

Vladimir

2005-03-15T01:04:00.000-08:00

Oblast (province), western Russia. It is centred on Vladimir city and lies east of Moscow in the basin of the Oka River. The greater part is a low plain, with extensive swamps in the south. The oblast has spruce, pine, and oak, but much of the forest has been cleared. Industries produce textiles, engineering goods, timber goods, and glassware. Agriculture is concentrated chiefly

Indriidae

2005-03-14T15:02:00.000-08:00

Family of arboreal Madagascan primates. See avahi; indri; sifaka.

Strasser, Gregor; And Strasser, Otto

2005-03-14T11:16:00.000-08:00

The brothers were born into a Bavarian middle-class family.

Korhogo

2005-03-13T06:59:00.000-08:00

Town, north central Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). The town's traditional founder was Nangui (Nengué), a 14th-century Senufo (Senoufo) patriarch from Kong. Modern Korhogo (Heritage) is the chief trade centre (corn [maize], manioc, millet, and yams) for the Senufo farmers of the savanna. Muslim Fulani herdsmen from the north also helped make it a major centre for livestock (cattle, sheep,

Nitti, Francesco Saverio

2005-03-12T19:26:00.000-08:00

After a career as a journalist and professor of economics, Nitti was elected deputy in 1904. A Left Liberal, he served as minister of agriculture, industry, and commerce in 1911–14 and as minister of the treasury in 1917–19. He succeeded Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, the wartime prime minister,

Melanesian Culture

2005-03-10T13:40:00.000-08:00

The beliefs and practices of those indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands grouped as Melanesia. The islands include (generally from west to east) the island of New Guinea, the Admiralty Islands, and the Bismarck and Louisiade archipelagoes; the Solomon Islands and the Santa Cruz Islands; New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands; Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides); Fiji;

Muhammad 'ali

2005-03-10T05:45:00.000-08:00

Viceroy and pasha of Egypt (1805–49), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th. He encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state.

Tigris-euphrates River System, Physiography of the Euphrates

2005-03-08T22:48:00.000-08:00

The headwaters of the Euphrates are the Murat and the Karasu rivers in the Armenian Highland of northeastern Turkey. Considerably altered in the 20th century by water-control projects, they join to form the Euphrates at Keban, near Elazig, where the Keban Dam, completed in 1974, spans a deep gorge. The river breaks through the Taurus Mountains and descends to the high plain of

Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich

2005-03-07T15:34:00.000-08:00

Born to an impoverished family, Krylov had

Bingham, Hiram

2005-03-06T03:05:00.000-08:00

As a boy Bingham learned mountaineering from his father, a well-known Pacific missionary. This skill vastly aided

Agreda, María De

2005-03-05T14:13:00.000-08:00

Her virtues and holy life were universally acknowledged, but controversy arose over her mystical writings, her political influence, and her missionary activities.

Fructidor, Coup Of 18

2005-03-04T06:06:00.000-08:00

The Directory, fearing that it was losing favour in the country, called upon Napoleon Bonaparte to send a general to command troops guarding the legislature at the Tuileries. On 18 Fructidor, year V (September 4, 1799), General Pierre-Fran

Babylonia

2005-03-03T09:13:00.000-08:00

Ancient cultural region occupying southeastern Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern southern Iraq from around Baghdad to the Persian Gulf). Because the city of Babylon was the capital of this area for so many centuries, the term Babylonia has come to refer to the entire culture that developed in the area from the time it was first settled,

Contract Bridge

2005-03-02T03:48:00.000-08:00

In 1994 bridge playing and exchanges of information about the game via computerized networks expanded rapidly. Many professionals began using the networks for coaching clients and for gaining match practice with other pros. Duplicate tournaments were open to all. The 1994 NEC world bridge championships were held in Albuquerque, N.M., from September 17 to October 1, and the tournament's

Acadian Orogeny

2005-03-01T10:40:00.000-08:00

A mountain-building event that affected the northern portion of the Appalachian Geosyncline from present-day New York to Newfoundland during the Devonian Period (408 to 360 million years ago). Orogenic activity began during the Early Devonian in Gaspé, spread westward throughout Devonian time, and affected the western margins of the geosyncline in Late Devonian time.

Chiao-tso

2005-03-01T02:39:00.000-08:00

Its modern development has been almost entirely based on its rich coal deposits. The mining

Moschus

2005-02-27T17:09:00.000-08:00

Greek pastoral poet and grammarian from Syracuse, in Sicily, whose only surviving works are three short extracts from his Bucolica, a longer piece translated as Love the Runaway, and an elegiac piece on love as a plowman. The short epic poem Europa is perhaps correctly attributed to him, the Lament for Bion, considered an excellent work, less certainly so. No traces

Profumo Affair

2005-02-26T23:37:00.000-08:00

At a party at the country estate of Lord Astor on July

Eastern Africa, History Of, The Solomonids

2005-02-25T03:11:00.000-08:00

An amalgamated Christian state, led by Semitized Agew, had reappeared in the 12th century. This Zagwe dynasty gave way in the late 13th century to a dynasty that claimed descent from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, a genealogy providing the legitimacy and continuity so honoured in Ethiopia's subsequent national history. During the 14th and 15th centuries the Solomonid

Morocco, Transportation and communications

2005-02-23T09:18:00.000-08:00

Morocco's road network effectively integrates the country's diverse regions. Established during the colonial period, the network has been well maintained and gradually expanded ever since. The railway system connects the principal urban centres of the north, and new rail links, together with improved roads, are being established to El-Aaiún (Laâyoune) in Western

North Germanic Languages, Common and distinctly Scandinavian characteristics

2005-02-20T03:28:00.000-08:00

North Germanic differs from East Germanic (but not West Germanic) in that

Cádiz

2005-02-18T04:37:00.000-08:00

The eastern part of the provincia is crossed by wooded spurs of

Pacific Islands, The island ecosystem

2005-02-17T20:14:00.000-08:00

To know what it is like to live on a Pacific island, the intermixture of physical and biological characteristics of the particular island must be considered. Each of the myriad ecological systems in the Pacific is a unique complex of living organisms and their nonliving environment. Each is a functional system of interacting components that tends toward an equilibrium

Hanabusa Itcho

2005-02-11T16:05:00.000-08:00

Also called Itcho , original name Taga Shinko Japanese painter who broke away from the orthodox style of the Kano school to experiment with humorous subjects from everyday life. Because of his subject matter, his work is sometimes classified with the ukiyo-e school of paintings and prints, and, indeed, some of his designs were used by later ukiyo-e wood-block printers. Unlike most of the

Atalanta

2005-02-08T09:15:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, a renowned and swift-footed huntress, probably a parallel and less important form of the goddess Artemis. Traditionally, she was the daughter of Schoeneus of Boeotia or of Iasus and Clymene of Arcadia. Her complex legend includes the following incidents: at her father's instance she was left to die at birth but was suckled by a she-bear; she took part

Open Stage

2005-02-06T23:44:00.000-08:00

Also called Thrust Stage, or Platform Stage, theatrical stage without a proscenium, projecting into the audience and surrounded on three sides by the audience. The open stage was used in the corrales of Spain's Golden Age of theatre (beginning about 1570) and in the traditional no theatre of Japan. It was also used in the first London playhouses, including the Globe, which were built during Elizabethan times. The open

Self

2005-02-04T17:00:00.000-08:00

According to Carl Jung the

Peregrinus Of Maricourt, Peter

2005-02-03T13:00:00.000-08:00

Almost nothing is known about Peregrinus' life, except that he wrote his famous treatise while serving as an engineer in the army of Charles I of Anjou that was besieging Lucera (in Italy) in August 1269 in a “crusade” sanctioned by the pope. Peregrinus' abilities

Coronado, Francisco Vázquez De

2005-02-01T18:14:00.000-08:00

Coronado went to New Spain (Mexico) with Antonio de Mendoza, the Spanish viceroy, in 1535 and earned early distinction in pacifying Indians.

Mole

2005-01-29T06:39:00.000-08:00

The mole designates an extremely large number of units, 6.0221367 ´ 1023, which is the number of atoms determined experimentally to be found in 12 grams of carbon-12. Carbon-12 was chosen arbitrarily to serve as the reference standard of the

Vaughan, Frankie

2005-01-28T07:43:00.000-08:00

British theatre and cabaret singer who was one of the most popular romantic crooners of the 1950s through the '90s; darkly handsome and elegantly dressed, “Mr. Moonlight” (as he was known from his signature tune, “Give Me the Moonlight”) also appeared on television in Britain, the U.S., and across Europe and in motion pictures, notably in a musical number with Marilyn Monroe in Let's

Annabergite

2005-01-26T18:25:00.000-08:00

Hydrated nickel arsenate mineral that is very similar to erythrite (q.v.).

Claremore

2005-01-22T21:02:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1907) of Rogers county, northeastern Oklahoma, U.S., northeast of Tulsa. In 1880 John Bullette, a Delaware Indian, settled on the site, which he called Claremore for an Osage chief whose tribe once lived there. In 1882 it was moved from the banks of the Verdigris River to its present location to meet the Frisco Railroad, where pioneer settlement began. Artesian mineral waters,

Kamehameha V

2005-01-19T17:25:00.000-08:00

Succeeding to the throne on the death of his younger brother, Kamehameha IV, he immediately revealed his intention to rule with a strong hand, refusing at his inauguration to take the oath to maintain the existing, comparatively liberal constitution. After calling and dismissing a constitutional

Ear Disease

2005-01-18T08:17:00.000-08:00

The air-filled middle-ear cavity and the air cells in the mastoid bone that extend backward from it are supplied with air by the eustachian tube that extends from the upper part of the pharynx to the middle-ear cavity. The brain cavity lies just above and behind the middle ear and mastoid air spaces, separated from them only by thin plates of bone. The nerve that supplies

San, Saya

2005-01-16T02:07:00.000-08:00

Saya San was a native of Shwebo, a centre of nationalist-monarchist sentiment in north-central Burma that was the birthplace of the Konbaung (or Alaungpaya) dynasty, which controlled Myanmar from 1752 until the British annexation in 1886. He was a Buddhist

Christie, Julie

2005-01-13T20:54:00.000-08:00

Christie was born on her father's Indian tea plantation but was educated in England and France. She studied acting at London's Central School for

Spandau

2005-01-11T23:04:00.000-08:00

District of Berlin, Germany, on the Havel River at the mouth of the Spree. Originally the site of a Sorbian (Wendish) fortress, Spandau became German c. 1230 and was granted civic rights in 1232. It was incorporated into Berlin in 1920. The citadel (1560–94, including the 12th-century Julius Tower) is one of the oldest well-preserved Italian-style Renaissance fortifications in northern Germany,

Manasseh, Prayer Of

2005-01-09T05:37:00.000-08:00

Apocryphal work (noncanonical for Jews and Protestants), one of a collection of songs appended to the Old Testament book of Psalms in several manuscripts of the Septuagint (the Greek version of the Hebrew Bible). The Prayer of Manasseh, best known of the collection, is a penitential prayer written as an extension of 2 Chronicles 33:11–13, wherein Manasseh, successor to Hezekiah

Hendricks, Thomas A(ndrews)

2005-01-05T04:13:00.000-08:00

Hadrian's Wall

2005-01-04T01:42:00.000-08:00

Algeria, Mining

2005-01-02T11:26:00.000-08:00

The main mining centres are at Ouenza and Djebel Onk near the eastern border with Tunisia and at El-Abed in the west, the latter the source of most of Algeria's zinc and lead production. Nearly all of the country's substantial output of high-grade iron ore from the open-cut works at Ouenza is used to supply the domestic steel industry. About one-third of Djebel Onk's phosphate

Luks, George

2004-12-31T19:53:00.000-08:00

Born in a coal-mining region of north-central Pennsylvania, Luks studied first at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, and later in Germany,

Calabar

2004-12-29T20:00:00.000-08:00

Formerly Old Calabar town and port, capital of Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria. It lies along the Calabar River, 5 miles (8 km) upstream from that river's entrance into the Cross River estuary. Settled in the early 17th century by the Efik branch of the Ibibio people, the town became a centre for trade between white traders on the coast and natives farther inland. Fish, cassava, bananas, palm

Ribble Valley

2004-12-26T23:18:00.000-08:00

Borough (district), administrative county of Lancashire, northwestern England, along the county's eastern border, extending into the western Pennine uplands. The southern part of the borough, including the lower Ribble valley and the two largest towns, Clitheroe and Longridge, lies in the historic county of Lancashire. The remainder of the mostly rural borough, including

Faguibine, Lake

2004-12-25T01:42:00.000-08:00

French Lac Faguibine, isolated lake in Mali, west of Timbuktu (Tombouctou). It lies north of the Niger River in the Macina depression, and it is reached by branches of the Niger in times of flood. At high water it reaches a length of about 50 miles (80 km).

Elbe River

2004-12-23T09:42:00.000-08:00

By means of the Elbe and its connecting waterways, vessels from Hamburg can navigate to Berlin, the central and southern sections of eastern Germany, and the Czech Republic. The Mittelland Canal, a short distance below Magdeburg, runs westward about 200 miles to the Dortmund–Ems Canal, carrying barges of up to 1,000 tons to the German industrial cities of Osnabrück, Hannover,

Aethelbald

2004-12-20T20:16:00.000-08:00

King of the Mercians from 716, who became the chief king of a confederation including all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms between the River Humber and the English Channel. His predominance was made possible by the death of the strong king Wihtred of Kent (725) and the abdication of Ine of Wessex (726). During Aethelbald's reign, London passed from East Saxon to Mercian control.

Aragua

2004-12-18T18:52:00.000-08:00

Estado (“state”), northern Venezuela. It is bounded north by the Caribbean Sea, east by the Distrito Federal and Miranda state, south by Guárico state, and west by Carabobo state. Aragua consists largely of two Andean ranges separated by an intermontane basin, in which lies Lake Valencia. Henri Pittier National Park (413 square miles), with its exceptionally rich and varied

Minaret

2004-12-17T23:27:00.000-08:00

(Arabic: “beacon”), in Islamic religious architecture, the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. Such a tower is always connected with a mosque and has one or more balconies or open galleries. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad, the call to prayer was made from the highest roof in the vicinity of the mosque. The earliest minarets

Zambezi River, Kariba and Cahora Bassa schemes

2004-12-15T20:30:00.000-08:00

The Kariba Dam harnesses the Zambezi at Kariba, Zimb., 300 miles below Victoria Falls. A concrete-arch dam with a maximum height of 420 feet and a crest length of 1,900 feet carries a road connecting the Zambian and Zimbabwean banks of the gorge. Six floodgates permit a discharge of some 335,000 cubic feet of water per second. Both Zambia and Zimbabwe obtain most of their electricity from

Carlisle, Lucy Hay, Countess Of

2004-12-13T05:00:00.000-08:00

The second daughter of Henry Percy, 9th earl of Northumberland, she married James Hay (the earl of Carlisle from 1622) and became a conspicuous figure at the court of Charles I. The King's adviser,

Ambrym

2004-12-10T09:24:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ambrim, island of Vanuatu, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It has an area of 257 sq mi (665 sq km) and is known for its two active volcanoes: Mt. Marum, 4,167 ft (1,270 m), which last erupted in 1973; and Mt. Benbow, 3,720 ft, which had major eruptions in 1894, 1913, 1929, 1942, 1950, 1972 and 1973. The 1950 eruption was serious enough to warrant the evacuation of several hundred persons for resettlement on Éfaté. The island produces copra. Pop. (1979) 6,311.

Strain Theory

2004-12-09T06:40:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, a proposal made in 1885 by the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer that the stability of carbocyclic compounds (i.e., those of which the molecular structure includes one or more rings of carbon atoms) depends on the amount by which the angles between the chemical bonds deviate from the value (109°28¢) observed in compounds not containing such rings. The amount of deviation

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, The economy

2004-12-06T03:17:00.000-08:00

Because of the dry climate, most of the cultivated land in Sinkiang depends entirely on irrigation. The various nationalities in the region have had rich experience in water conservancy techniques, of which the wells of the qanat system in the Turfan and Ha-mi depressions are a fine example. Since the 1950s, these have been greatly supplemented with canals and reservoirs,

Puig, Manuel

2004-12-04T21:12:00.000-08:00

Puig spent his childhood in a small village on the pampas, but moved at age 13 to Buenos Aires, where he pursued his high school and university studies.

Gladstone, William Ewart

2004-12-03T21:54:00.000-08:00

Gladstone's first Cabinet (1868–74) was perhaps the most capable of the century. Its prime minister tried to supervise the work of each department, devoting his main efforts to Irish and foreign policy. The Irish Protestant church was successfully disestablished in 1869, and a first attempt to grapple with oppressive landlordism in Ireland was made unsuccessfully in 1870; abroad,

Kornberg, Arthur

2004-11-30T21:21:00.000-08:00

At the U.S. National Institutes of Health,

Roberts, Elizabeth Madox

2004-11-28T07:01:00.000-08:00

Educated in schools in Springfield, a village near her birthplace, Roberts taught school from 1900 to 1910. After 1910 she stayed for a time in

Nervous System Disease, Tumours

2004-11-26T22:52:00.000-08:00

Benign tumours, usually schwannomas on the vestibulocochlear nerve, may compress the cerebellum and lead to dysfunction on one side, but malignant astrocytomas and metastases from cancers are more common. In children, medulloblastomas are fast-growing malignant tumours that destroy the central part of the cerebellum and cause severe gait ataxia. Astrocytomas

Cytokine

2004-11-24T04:22:00.000-08:00

Any of a group of small, short-lived proteins that are released by one cell to regulate the function of another cell, thereby serving as intercellular chemical messengers. Cytokines effect changes in cellular behaviour that are important in a number of physiological processes, including reproduction, growth and development, and injury repair. However, they are

Argentina, Transitional period

2004-11-22T20:30:00.000-08:00

The military government faced several urgent and difficult problems, including the decision of whether to remain neutral or choose sides in the war. It also had to decide between the restoration of a representative system and the installation of a long-term military dictatorship. General Arturo Rawson was made president but resigned after two days when his anticonservative

Shibusawa Eiichi, Shishaku

2004-11-20T06:43:00.000-08:00

Although Shibusawa's

Saint Boniface

2004-11-18T08:00:00.000-08:00

Historic district of Winnipeg, southern Manitoba, Canada, at the confluence of the Seine and Red rivers. It was founded in 1818 by a group of French missionaries led by Bishop Joseph Norbert Provencher upon the site of an earlier, unsuccessful settlement by Swiss mercenaries; a chapel was built there under the patronage of St. Boniface. Since then, St. Boniface, with its famous

France, History Of, The conquest of Burgundy

2004-11-16T08:49:00.000-08:00

In spite of these partitions, the Frankish kings continued their conquests. One of their primary concerns was to extend their dominion over the whole of Gaul. It took two campaigns to overcome the Burgundian kingdom. In 523 Clodomir, Childebert I, and Chlotar I, as allies of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, moved into Burgundy, whose king, Sigismund, Theodoric's son-in-law,

Gauthey, Emiland-marie

2004-11-15T03:07:00.000-08:00

Gauthey studied at the École des Ponts et Chaussées (School of Bridges and Highways) in Paris, then taught there while making

Semitic Languages

2004-11-12T02:24:00.000-08:00

Group of languages spoken in northern Africa and the Middle East that constitutes one of the branches of the Afro-Asiatic (formerly Hamito-Semitic) language family. (The other branches are Egyptian, Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic.) The Semitic languages are divided into four groups: (1) Northern Peripheral, or Northeastern, with only one language, ancient Akkadian; (2) Northern

Florianópolis

2004-11-10T01:36:00.000-08:00

The first European settlement on the island was made in 1542 by Spaniards, but in 1675 control passed to the Portuguese, who established

Florianópolis

2004-11-08T08:13:00.000-08:00

Any of the group of mammals that includes elephants and their extinct relatives such as mammoths and mastodons. Although only three species of elephant are extant today, more than 160 extinct proboscidean species have been identified from remains found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Most of these were called gomphotheres, which belonged to

Dubbo

2004-11-06T19:13:00.000-08:00

City, east-central New South Wales, Australia, on the Macquarie River. Visited in 1818 by the explorer John Oxley, the district received its first settlers in 1824. Founded in 1841, Dubbo was an established village by 1849. It became a municipality in 1872 and a city in 1966. It is the trade centre of an area producing wheat, livestock, timber, and fruits and vegetables. Dubbo has slaughterhouses, flour

Scandinavian Literature, Developments in Finno-Swedish literature

2004-11-04T18:02:00.000-08:00

The second flourishing of Finno-Swedish literature occurred in the 1920s, with the development of modernism in lyric poetry. This trend was initiated by Edith Södergran, whose visionary, dreamlike poems proved influential throughout much of Scandinavia. After her came such poets as Gunnar Björling, noted for his impressionistic pictures of nature; Rabbe

Bruce, Michael

2004-11-03T03:41:00.000-08:00

Bruce's parents gave him a good education, and he attended four winter sessions at the University of Edinburgh. In 1766 he wrote his last and finest poem, “Elegy Written in Spring.” His reputation

Wagner, Honus

2004-11-01T04:36:00.000-08:00

The “Flying Dutchman” played for the Louisville Colonels

Frauenfeld

2004-10-29T19:46:00.000-07:00

Capital (since 1803) of Thurgau kanton (“canton”), northern Switzerland, on the Murg River, close to its junction with the Thur River, northeast of Zürich. First mentioned in 1246, it was founded by the count of Kyburg and the abbot of Reichenau on land belonging to the abbot. Frauenfeld (“Field of Our Lady”) passed to the Habsburgs in 1264 and was seized by the Swiss Confederates (Eidgenossen)

Earring

2004-10-27T07:39:00.000-07:00

A personal ornament worn pendent from the ear, usually suspended by means of a ring or hook passing through a pierced hole in the lobe of the ear or, in modern times, often by means of a screwed clip on the lobe. The impulse to decorate or to modify the appearance of the ear seems to be almost universal. In general, usage appears to call for wearing earrings in pairs, the two

Cinchona

2004-10-26T13:13:00.000-07:00

Four species of Cinchona were cultivated for many years, primarily in Java and also in India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Their bark was processed to obtain quinine, which is

Fibiger, Johannes

2004-10-24T21:57:00.000-07:00

A student of the bacteriologists Robert Koch and Emil von Behring in Berlin, Fibiger became professor of pathological

Sabkhah

2004-10-22T03:48:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Sebkha (Arabic), saline flat or salt-crusted depression, commonly found along the coasts of North Africa and Saudi Arabia. Sabkhahs are generally bordered by sand dunes and have soft, poorly cemented but impermeable floors, due to periodic flooding and evaporation. Concentration of seawater and capillary discharge of groundwater result in deposits of gypsum, calcite,

China, Ming dynasty

2004-10-19T16:14:00.000-07:00

The last Ming years and the struggles of post-Mingloyalists are dealt with in James B. Parsons, The Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (1970); Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming, 1644–1662 (1984); and Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills, Jr. (eds.), From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China (1979). Studies in Ming intellectual and religious history are found in Wm. Theodore De Bary et al., Self and Society in Ming Thought (1970), and The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism (1975).